The wrist is a narrower box, which bends at the carpals.
#HANDS REFERENCE SKIN#
The complicated collection of bone, muscle, tendon, fat, and skin of the palm becomes a simple box. I’m gonna say it a lot in this lesson… it’s important to step back and think about the simple forms.
Once the idea is clear, we’ll start constructing the hands using simple forms. You gotta feel the expression of the hand pose you’re drawing. Just like when you’re drawing facial expressions. When you’re drawing hands you have to be an actor. That makes the pose a bit more interesting. When I try to spread my fingers as far as I can, my wrist flexes a little and my fingers bend back. If the action is the fingers spreading, think about what happens when you spread them farther. And you always have your own hand that you can use to figure it out.Īnd don’t draw boring hands. Imagine this clearly in your mind before you make a mark. Can we see the back of the hand or the palm? How much of the front are we seeing? Or are we looking at it from the back? What is each finger and thumb doing? What about the wrist? Figure out the angle we’re looking at the hand from. The first step is to get a clear idea of the hand you’re gonna draw. But all this stuff ties together, so let’s get started… If you want to draw simple hands, rather than learn a simple process to draw real hands, I also have a lesson on drawing Cartoon Hands. There’s prerequisites that make it challenging, like anatomy, perspective and shading. Keep in mind, even though the process itself is quite simple, drawing hands is never going to be easy. It’s also a great process if you’re drawing from reference.
In the future, the normative values for 6MWT and HGS in Hong Kong Chinese adults should be established with random sampling of subjects from the community.In this tutorial I’ll show the process that has helped me to draw hands accurately from imagination. Physiotherapists should be aware of these random errors in the evaluation of change in 6MWT and HGS. Although the test-retest reliabilities in terms of ICC for 6MWT and HGS measurement were satisfactory to high, the associated random variations were large on repeated measurements. This study established a set of reference values for the 6MWT and HGS in a group of healthy Hong Kong Chinese subjects. The SEM and MDC for HGS measurements ranged from 2.0–2.2 kgf and from 5.5–6.2 kgf, respectively. The lower limit of the 95% CI for the ICC of HGS measurements was 0.94. The test-retest reliabilities of 6MWD were satisfactory (ICC, 0.87 95% confidence interval, CI, 0.84–0.89 SEM, 35.3 m MDC, 97.8 m 95% LoA, −87.9 to 108.6 m). There was a mean increase of 10.8 ± 50.0 m in 6MWD in the second test. In the first test, mean ± standard deviation (SD) of 6MWD for males and females were 635 ± 97 m and 573 ± 91 m, respectively mean ± SD HGS (mean values) for dominant and non-dominant hands were 43.8 ± 8.0 kgf and 40.8 ± 7.8 kgf for males, and 28.5 ± 5.7 kgf and 26.2 ± 5.5 kgf for females, respectively, while mean ± SD HGS (maximum values) were 45.5 ± 8.1 kgf and 42.6 ± 8.1 kgf for males, and 29.8 ± 5.8 kgf and 27.6 ± 5.6 kgf for females, respectively. Test-retest reliability was calculated in terms of intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), standard error of measurement (SEM), minimum detectable change (MDC) and 95% limits of agreement (LoA). Both the mean values (mean method) and the maximum values (maximum method) of the three successive measurements were recorded for data analysis. HGS was measured three successive times for both the dominant and non-dominant hands on each occasion. The 6-minute walk distance (6MWD) was measured once on each day. The 6MWT was administered and isometric HGS was measured following standard protocols on two occasions separated by 3 days. There were 548 subjects in five age strata between 21 and 70 years old. This study aimed to establish reference values for the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) and hand-grip strength (HGS) in healthy Hong Kong Chinese adults and to examine their test-retest reliability.
0 kommentar(er)
